Why I love psychology

Thank you readers  I love writing it creates more opportunities to Express myself to share my experiences  today  I will share with you  why I love  psychology  . Psychology is the study of the  mind how people  interact with people  in society in this selfish world where  no one's ask About friends or family  until they are sick  but I know that this world is changing and  very tempting  and  temporary  jannahal is  better  inshallah.  I am a good person good friend and I am not  complaining about my life  but I  want  more   . These are my  principles   . I love  my  Allah  my family and friends independent and writing and reading and shopping  and watching anime and I will advocate for people who needs help.

Sarah ELGOHARY

1/24/12

Chapter 1-History, Theories, Methods

1How have children been viewed throughout history?  --

Throughout history children been viewed as evil, uncivilized treated as property. The discipline was harsh, children has a lot responsibility because they were forced to work in factories doing dangerous jobs. They had no rights.

2. What changes did children experience during the 20th century? 

During the 20th century? (THE INDUSTRAL REVOLUTION) children experienced laws being passed to protect them from working in factories.

3 Which thinker suggested that children are innately good? 

Jean Jacques Rousseau was the thinker who suggested that children are innately good and when allowed to express their natural impulses a generous morality would develop on its own. 

4. In the nature vs. nurture controversy, John Watson’s behaviorism came down on the side of __ nurture___; while Arnold Gesell’s maturational perspective came down on the side of __nature__. 

5. According to psychoanalytic perspectives, children and adults are caught in conflict. Early in development, this conflict is between the child and what aspects of their world? 

According to psychoanalytic perspectives, children and adults are caught in conflict. Early in development, this conflict is between the child’s external demands and the internal desires of their world.

6. According to Freud, which aspect of our personality is present at birth? 

According to Freud, the oral stage sucking activities around the mouth bring pleasure at birth

7. What do Freud’s and Erikson’s psychoanalytic theories have in common? 

Freud’s and Erikson’s psychoanalytic theories both have individual stages of development.

8. According to Freud, what does the psychic structure called ego do for us? 

. According to Freud the psychic structure called ego is our conscious that seeks gratification of the id’s biological urges in order to control the id to avoid social disapproval.

9. What does the superego represent? 

The superego represents a conscious that monitors the intentions and ego behavior by showing guilt and shame for behavior.

10. What are some of the criticisms of Freud's theories? 

1 The theory was developed on contacts of mostly women with emotional problems. 

2 Freud’s theories were based on recollections rather than controlled observational methods.

3 Inadvertent guiding of patients ’reports may have happened to support his theories 

Freud's theories had too much emphasis on basic instincts and motives.

11. What are some of the contributions of Freud’s work? 

1 Freud’s work influenced how caretakers approached infants and toddlers

2 Freud’s work influenced teachers’ sensitivity to students’ emotional needs Freud’s work influenced the stage model of other theorists such as Erikson.

12. How does Erikson's psychosocial theory deviate from Freud's psychosexual theory? 

Erikson's psychosocial theory deviate from Freud's psychosexual theory because Erikson's theory self identity and the important of social relationships. Erikson's psychosocial theory focus on ego as a conscious mastery of each stage is needed to move to next stage. Early experiences affect future accomplishments and relationships.

13. Erikson labeled the stages of his theory based on: 

Freud’s work influenced the stage model of other theorists such as Erikson.

14. What are some advantages of Erikson's theory? 

Erikson's theory emphasized the importance of human consciousness and choice.

Minize role and threat of poorly perceived urges .he portrayed human development as prosaically. His data supported that positive out comes in early life help children cope with life crises at a later stage.

  

15. Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now his mommy says "gotcha" before touching his neck. Eventually, as soon as his mommy says "gotcha," Kareem starts to laugh. This is an example of what type of behavioral method? 

Classical conditioning -

16. What is negative reinforcement? 

 A negative reinforcement is an increase of behavior due to the removal of negative stimuli ex teacher disapproval is negative reinforcement because the student will remove of negative stimuli the teacher disapproval by increasing his studying to do well.

17. Operant conditioning involves changing behavior as a result of: reinforcement’s consequences.

18. When does extinction of learning occur? 

Extinction of learning results from-a repeated action or performance of Operant conditioning is not reinforced.

19. What are some limitations of punishment as a method for shaping children’s behavior? 

Punishment as a method for shaping children’s behavior does not teach children the right thing in a situation. It may increase hostility in children. Children may withdraw completely from activities

20. According to social cognitive theorists, such as Albert Bandura, how do children learn? 

Children learn by observing people, reading, engaging in different media

21. Piaget saw children as “natural physicists.” How did they learn about the world?

Children learn about the world by being active participants.

22. According to Piaget, what is a scheme? 

A scheme is a pattern of action or mental structure that is involved in acquiring or organizing knowledge  

23. How schemes changed schemes are changed by assimilation and accommodations 

  Assimilation is a process of responding to new object or events according to existing schemes.

24. What does accommodation involve Accommodations involve changing schemes to incorporate new object or events.

25. The information processing perspective uses the computer as a metaphor for explaining how people’s memory and problem-solving work. 

26. Ethnology is an example of what way of understanding development? 

Ethnology is an example of The Biological perspective of understanding development

27. According to Urie Bronfenbrenner, an ecological systems theorist, what shapes your development? Systems such as   parent social group influence your development. He looks at bidirectional interaction not just maturational forces.

28. According to Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, what helps children learn?

Children learn from their culture Focus is on the transmission of information and cognitive skills from generation to generation. Learning consists of social engagement from a more skilled individual to a lesser skilled individual (example: an older sibling teaching a younger sibling to ride a bike).

29. What is scaffolding? Scaffolding Problem solving methods such as clues provided to the child to help increase independent functioning. 

30. What is the “zone of proximal development?” zone of proximal development refers to a range of tasks that a child can carry out with the help of a more skilled apprentice.

31. What is the nature/nurture debate concerned with? 

The nature/nurture debate is concerned with which factor is more influential to development nature (heredity) or nurture (environment influences)

32. Is development continuous or discontinuous? 

Development is discontinuous.

33. An educator who provides an open education and encourages children to explore their environment is most likely to believe that children are (active or passive)? 

Children are Active.

34. Dr. Martinez wants to know which exhibits children prefer at the new Children's Museum. To find out, she unobtrusively observes them to see which exhibits they choose to visit most and at which ones they spend the most time. Which type of research method does this represent? 

This is Correlation studies method.

35. Dr. Meyers has intensely studied a pair of conjoined twins for two years. This represents what type of research? This represents THE individual case study.

36. Dr. Simmons has found a strong positive correlation between watching violent cartoons on TV and children's levels of aggression toward others. What can be concluded from this research? 

There is a relationship between watching violent cartoons on TV and children's levels of aggression toward others.

37. What is the range of values for a correlation? What represents the strongest correlation? 

- 1.00 to 1.00 the closer to- 1.00 to 1.00 represents the strongest correlation

38. A researcher has found that the more hours students spend partying, the lower their exam scores tend to be. This represents what type of research method? 

This is Correlation studies method. A NEGATIVE Correlation

39. In the study on violent television and aggression described in your text, the independent variable is the: on violent television and

40. In the study on violent television and aggression described in your text, the dependent variable is the:  aggression behavior of the children 

41. Dr. Klein wants to investigate the long-term effects of anti-depressants in children. To do so, she randomly selects a group of subjects and follows them across five years. What type of study is this?  Longitudinal research

42. In what type of experimental design is the cohort effect an issue

Cross sectional research

RESEARCH

43. What is cross-sequential research and what drawbacks in other research designs does it overcome?   

Cross-sequential research combines CROSS SECTIONAL RESERACH

LONGTIUDINAL RESEARCH over come drawbacks of time lag comparisons minimizes the number of years needed to complete the study.

The study is broken into segments. 

44. Four-year-old Shauna took part in a research study that investigated the effects of fruit juice consumption on obesity in children. When the study was published in a research journal, Shaunda's name was used in the article. Which guideline of ethical research involving children was violated?  No name supposed used

45. What are the limitations of longitudinal research? 

Longitudinal researchers have to enlist future researchers to continue the study.

46. Can naturalistic observation be used effectively to study children from different cultures? 

Yes naturalistic observation can be used effectively to study children from different cultures? 

Observers’ takes great pains not to disturb the environment interference can lead to bias results.

47. What is a case study and when it this research useful? 

Individual account studies on a person behavior useful in studying political educational standards.

48. How can we determine whether one thing causes another in research? Correlation studies method 

ESSAYS Correlation studies method 

1. Classical Conditioning can be used to explain many of our automatic behaviors. As an example, many people have a conditioned fear of thunderstorms. In classical condition-ing lingo, this fear would have been learned in the following way: 

US=Loud clap of thunder UR=Jump or tense up CS=Lightening (which follows the thunder and so is associated with it) CR=Tense up when you see lightening 

Look for examples of classical conditioning in your own automatic behaviors or those of the people around you and use the terminology above to describe the behavior 

2. There are many ways to examine issues of interest to human development. One issue that has been investigated is the theory that watching violence on TV causes aggression in children. In this essay, please explain how you would study the association between TV violence and aggressive behavior using one of the following methods: 

1. Naturalistic observation 2. Case study 3. Correlation study 4. Experimental study 

ESSAYS 

 Classical Conditioning can be used to explain many of our automatic behaviors. As an example, many people have a conditioned fear of thunder storms .I have a conditioned fear of loud noises. US=Loud noise UR= I Jump or tense up .the CS is my startle  reflex as a result of my cerebral palsy CS _ is the loud action I startle really easily . An example if I hear a sudden loud noise like the door slamming shut.

I think my startle reflex is Classical Conditioning. My startle reflex happens automatically. I am even aware of the loud noise in my environment. I still startle really easily even aware of the loud noise in my environment.

Essay two

There are many ways to examine issues of interest to human development. One issue that has been investigated is the theory that watching violence on TV causes aggression in children. In this essay, I will explain to you how would study the association between TV violence and aggressive behavior in an Experimental study. In an Experimental study, there are two group tested the control group where no variable is tested. The second group is the Experimental group. The Experimental group gets the variable. There are two variables in an Experiment. The independent variable is the variable that scientists control in an Experiment which would be the children watching violence on TV. The dependent variable is the variable that that scientists do not control in an Experiment which would be the children having aggressive behavior because of watching TV violence.

In an Experiment scientists need a large sample size of hundred people or subject to get the most accurate results In an Experiment. Scientists need divide the children into two groups 50 children each group .in The Experimental group.  The first group of 50 children is the Experimental group watches violent cartoons on TV for two hours. Then Scientists need to gather data of the effects of watch violent cartoons on TV for two hours by analyze the children patterns of behavior by taking them to park to play with other children Then Scientists need to gather data of the children to see if there an increase in the children’s aggressive behavior after they have watched violent cartoons on TV for two hours and then record the results. The control group is the other 50 children these children do not watch cartoons on TV for two hours. Then Scientists need to gather data of the effects of watching cartoons on TV for two hours by analyze the children patterns of behavior by taking them to park to play with other children Then Scientists need to gather data of the children to see if there an increase in the children’s aggressive behavior and Scientists need to record the results. Then Scientists need to compare the data of both groups to see which had an increase in the children’s aggressive behavior and if there are any relationships between watching violence on TV causes aggression in children. Scientists need to record the results. Finally Scient0069

            sts need to repeat the whole Experiment again