New title Parenting Stress in mother of young children with or without cognitive delays

 Running Head: PARENTING Stress

New title Parenting Stress in mother of young children with or without cognitive delays

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Sarah

Hofstra University, USA                 

          Your name and instution should be centered in the middle paper

                

 

Abstract The word abstract should be centered and bolded

The study examined whether Vietnamese mothers of children with cognitive delays experienced more parenting stress compared to mothers of children without delays, and if so, to identify the factors that contribute to the parenting stress. The study sample included 225 mothers of children with and without cognitive delays from Hue City in Vietnam. The paragraph needs 5 more words at least to make it 150 words. May want to include key words AND paragraph should be indented

 The study protocol included mothers reporting on the scales of parenting stress and perceived social support. Mothers of children with cognitive delays experienced more stress. They were poorer and less educated, and perceived less social support. Having a child with cognitive delay was the strongest predictor of stress after controlling other demographic and psychosocial variables. While special education and early intervention services should be developed and available to educate the children with cognitive delays and support their mothers in Vietnam, the effective services need to address their poverty and health care needs. Many children have cognitive delays that go unnoticed because of poverty and a lack of health care that they have access to.

 

The full title should only be on the title page; and not after the abstract The introduction begins on page 3, move paragraph down to next page. Indent first line of paragraph

The aim of this paper was to examine whether Vietnamese mothers of children with cognitive delays experienced more stress in caring for their children compared with mothers of children without. If so, our further aim was to identify the factors that contributed to parenting stress and to determine whether the presence of child’s cognitive delay contributed more to the stress than did other variables associated with the outcome. This is the purose of the study is the first thing you mention in the introduction After the purpose of the study, or hypothesis section, you

Intellectual and developmental disability is a long-term disability that persists for life, The introduction begins on page 3, move paragraph down to next page. Indent first line of paragraph affecting not only the child but also the family. The parents, in particular, experience strains and stress in meeting the daily demands of their children, who require special care and attention. It has been widely documented that that caregivers of children with intellectual disabilities experience a higher level of parenting stress and have lower level of well-being than those of typically developing children (Seltzer, Floyd & Hindes, 2004; Blacher and Baker, 2002; Emerson, Hatton, Llewellyn, Blacker & Graham, 2006). A variety of coping resources have also been identified as contributing to maternal well-being when there is a child with intellectual disability. Mothers often draw upon a variety of resources from others in their surroundings for information and material or emotional support in raising their children. Social support buffers the stress parents express in raising children with disabilities (Armstrong, Birnie-Lefcovitch, & Ungar, 2005; Dellve, Samuelsson, Tallborn, Fasth & Hallberg, 2006; Hassal, Rose, & McDonald, 2005; Song & Singer, 2006).   

          When you start a new section of the paper you must always label the section of the paper, with the label centered and bolded 

Methods

This study was designed to examine the experience of parenting stress among Vietnamese mothers who have children with cognitive delays as compared to their counterparts who have children without delays. We explored the contributions to parenting stress in mothers of a child with cognitive delay versus mothers of a child without cognitive delay. First, we tested the prediction that mothers of children with cognitive delays experienced highly elevated stress compared to those of children without delays. Second, contributing factors to parenting stress were explored focusing on demographic risk factors, including education, health parents and family’s economic status u should introduce the details of the study i.e. the participants, and how the information was collected. )         

Particpants

 Each subsection of the paper should be bolded (participants should be bolded

Indent this paragraph  

The participants in the study were 255 Vietnamese mothers of children with and without cognitive delays from Hue City in Vietnam. Hue City, located in central Vietnam, is one of the major city Statistical Office, 2004). Initially a family needs assessment project was conducted in the city with families of children with cognitive delays to provide early intervention services. We recruited 120 children with cognitive delays and their families from 20 kindergarten programs in the city equivalent to preschool and kindergarten programs in the U.S. These children were identified by their classroom teachers as having cognitive delays and being intellectually slower than their peers through the teachers’ observations and ratings on the ABILITIES Index (Simeonsson & Bailey, 1988). We omitted from the analysis children under age three and those who were initially identified by teachers as developing more slowly than normal, but later not rated as having cognitive delays by the same teachers on the Index, to be described in a later section. End the first paragraph when you finish talking about how the participants were qualified 

ourteen percent of the mothers did not agree with teachers that their children had cognitive delays. We included these mothers in the study as long as they endorsed at least one item of delay on the Index and as long as they were willing to express their concerns about their children’s developmental issues A total of 106 mothers whose children met the criteria were included in the data analyses. Of the children with cognitive delays, 22% of children had other disabilities, such as cerebral palsy and epilepsyMake a distinction between the different participants and the percentage of children who had each disability End this paragraph at epilepsy. It would be beneficial for you to start a new paragraph when you talk about each group of people you surveyed with different illnesses. Ex. A new paragraph should begin with a total of 106 mothers…  

, in addition to cognitive delay. The children of typical development were selected randomly from the same class by matching the number and gender of children with cognitive delays. Among 120 parents of typically developing children, 119 mothers participated. All the mothers were interviewed by trained interviewers who were special education teachers in local schools. The study protocol was approved by the institutions of the investigators in both Vietnam and the U.S. The consent form was explained by the interviewers and signed by the participants before the interview. Start a new paragraph at Among 120 parents… end with inview iew    

Indent new paragraph the paper is out of order

    each study needs its own paragraph 

Families of children with disability rural India perceived greater financial stress and ill effects on their physical and mental health as compared to families of control children, and social stress was higher in families with a low SES (Singhi et al., 1990). ) It was argued by the authors that the components of the stress and coping model are different in the context of developing countries such as rural India: Poverty and disability go hand in hand, and the former sometimes causes the latter through malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency, lack of access to health facilities and information about preventive and promotive practices, nd child birth and unsafe home and work environments (Pal & Chaudhury, 1998). Mothers of disabled children in rural India report feelings of rejection, low self-esteem and guilt, which implies the need of the mothers for social support and counseling intervention (Pal & Chaudhury, 1998). E When you start a study, you have to start with the hypothesis, purpose of the study, and the methods (how the research was conducted e ach study needs its own paragraph: : 

Many children with developmental disabilities in China were from a nuclear family (parents and only child) with parents having poor educational backgrounds and low-income (Zhang & Zeng, 2000). Mothers of children with learning disabilities in China have significantly more stress and significantly less support than those of typically developing children, although there was no relationship between stress and support (Pearson and Chan, 1993). In another study with Chinese mothers of children with mental retardation, social support was perceived by mothers as useful for alleviating stress (Chen & Tang, 1997). A high proportion of mothers of children with cerebral palsy in Bangladesh suffer from stress, and social factors such as land ownership and household income also had a negative relationship with maternal stress, suggesting that economic empowerment of such families may be an essential factor in successful intervention (Mobarak et al., 2000). New study, new paragraph, indent and do not go into discussion before methods or result section of your summary Each subsection of the paper should be bolded (participants should be bolded)                                                                                       

 Measures and Procedures are subsections of the Methods section of the paper

Every subsection is aligned to the left, but bolded

-----you are not supposed to have subsections titles at the end of the paper, let alone before the discussion

------ Each subsection goes with its own paragraph The discussion section of the paper should really be after the results section, which was in the beginning f this paper

bold and center results, as well as every section of the paper------- The results section of paper should be before the DISSUCTION

Results

There is little information available on the families of children with disabilities in the developing world. Without having an adequate diagnostic system in place, it is hard to estimate the prevalence of disability among the children in developing countries, but it is estimated that 85% of children with disabilities under 15 years of age live in the developing world (Hellander, 1993). In the past decade, there has been a marked decrease in child mortality rates (13%) worldwide due to a decline in mortality caused by infectious diseases in recent years (Replogle, 2005). With the improvement in survival rates, however, there is an increase in children with special needs which many developing countries are not ready to handle (Replogle, 2005). Between poverty and the lack of adequate health care systems or special education, the families of children with disabilities carry a heavy burden. support (Mobarak, Khan, Munir, Zaman, & McConachie, 2000; Ong, Chandran, & Peng, 1999; Pearson & Chan, 1998). Families of children with disabilities in rural India perceived greater financial stress and ill effects on their physical and mental health as compared to families of control children, and social stress was higher in families with a low SES (Singhi et al., 1990). It was argued by the authors that the components of the stress and coping model are different in the context of developing countries such as rural India: Poverty and disability go hand in hand, and the former sometimes causes the latter through malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency, lack of access to health facilities and information about preventive and promotive practices, hazardous pregnancy and child birth and unsafe home and work environments (Pal & Chaudhury, 1998). Mothers of disabled children in rural India report feelings of rejection, low self-esteem and guilt, which implies the need of the mothers for social support and counseling intervention (Pal & Chaudhury, 1998). „ô_

Indent at new paragraph starting at “studies…”studies…”„ô_

 Studies have documented that mothers of children with intellectual disabilities in the developing world experience substantial parenting stress that is compounded by poverty and lack of social support (Mobarak, Khan, Munir, Zaman, & McConachie, 2000; Ong, Chandran, & Peng, 1999; Pearson & Chan, 1998). The results from our sample of 255 Vietnamese mothers did indeed show a significantly higher level of stress among those with children with cognitive delays than those with children of typical cognitive development. In addition, these mothers were older, poorer and less educated, and had less social support available to them. They and their husbands were sicker than their counterparts. Therefore the parents of children with cognitive delays experienced complex multiple problems.  

Every title of the sections of the paper has to be centered and bold-faced, the TEXT begins on the next double-spaced line

Disscuion

The situations of the children with cognitive delays and their families in Vietnam are not well known to the world. Vietnam, one of the fastest emerging economies in Asia, is still a relatively poor country. It is estimated that approximately 6% of the population, or 5 to 6 million Vietnamese, have disabilities (USAID, 2005). Vietnam made significant efforts to integrate people with disabilities into various aspects of public life, but the poverty and traditional negative attitudes towards disability still present in Vietnam makes it difficult for them to live fully positive and optimal lives. As in many other developing countries, children with disabilities have been cared for by their families, who often view their children as burdens to society or sources of shame and pity (Hunt, 2005; Villa et al., 2003). The government has been active in implementing programs for children with disabilities, but there are significant barriers to its ability to provide them with an education: poorly trained teachers, attitudinal barriers and lack of resources, adapted curricula and assistive devices (USAID, 2005). It is estimated 95-98% of children with special needs still receive no formal services (Villa, et al, 2003; USAID, 2005). The majority of families are living under difficult conditions, with few resources and little access to appropriate services. Results and discussion are separate paragraph sections of the paper; the results section is before the discussion section Bold and center discussion

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References 

There are so many references but you only talked about one study in the entire paper Bold and center References section title

ate of publication is supposed to be after the author(s)

Armstrong, M. I., Birnie-Lefcovitch, S., and Ungar, M. T. (2005). Pathways between social support, family well being, quality of parenting, and child resilience: what we know. Journal of Child and Family Studies14, 269-281 References need to be in alphabetical order 

Chen, T. Y. & Tang, C. S. (1997). Stress appraisal and social support of Chinese mothers of adult children with mental retardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 5 (4), 473-482.  

Dellve, L., Samuelsson, L., Tallborn, A., Fasth, A., & Hallberg, L, R. (2006). Journal of Advanced Nursing, 392-402.

Hunt, P. C. (2005). An introduction to Vietnamese culture for rehabilitation service providers in the United States. In J. H. Stone (Ed.). Culture and Disability: Providing Culturally Competent Services. (pp. 203-223). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage single space between each source entry

Emerson, E., Hatton, C., Llewellyn, G., Blacker, J., & Graham, H. (2006). Socio-economic position, household composition, health status and indicators of well-being of mothers of children with and without intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50.  

Emerson, E. (2004). Poverty and children with intellectual disabilities in the world’s richer countries. Journal of Intellectual & developmental Disability, 29 (1) , 319-338.

Hassall, R., Rose, J., & McDonald, J. (2005) Parenting stress in mothers of children with an intellectual disability: The effects of parental cognitions in relation to child characteristics and family support. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 405-418.

Helander, E. A. S. Prejudice and Dignity: an Introduction of Community-Based Rehabilitation. New York. United Nations Development Program (1993).    

Hunt, P. C. (2005). An introduction to Vietnamese culture for rehabilitation service providers in the United States. In J. H. Stone (Ed.). Culture and Disability: Providing Culturally Competent Services. (pp. 203-223). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Mobarak, R., Khan, N., Munir, S., Zaman, S., and McConachie, H. (2000). Predictors of stress in mothers of children with cerebral palsy in Bangladesh. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 25, 427-433.  

Ong, L., Chandran, V., and Peng, R. (1999). Stress experienced by mothers of Mayalysian children with mental retardation. Journal of Paediatrics Child Health, 35, 358-62.  

Pal and Chaudhury. (1998). Preliminary validation of a parental adjustment measure for use with families of disabled children in rural India. Child: Care, Health and Development, 24, 315-324.  

Pearson, V & Chan, T. W. L. (1993). The relationship between parenting stress and social support in mothers of children with learning disabilities: A Chinese experience. Social Science & Medicine, 37, 267-274.  

Replogle, J. (2005). Guatemala’s disabled children face a lifetime of challenges. Lancet, 365, 1757-1758.

Seltzer, M. M., Floyd F. J., & Hindes, A. R. (2004). Research methods in intellectual disabilities: the family context. In E. Emerson, C. Hatton, T. Thompson, and T. Parmenter (Ed.) International Handbook of Applied Research Methods in Intellectual Disabilities. Chichester, New Hampshire.  

Singhi, P. D., Goyal, L., Pershad, D., Singhi, S, & Walia, B. N. S. (1990). Psychosocial problems in families of disabled children. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 63, 173-182.  

Song, L., & Singer, M. (2006). Life stress, social support, coping and depressive symptoms: a comparison between the general population and family caregivers, International Journal of Social Welfare 15, 172–180.

Thua Thien Hue Statistical Office. (2004). Statistical Yearbook 2003, Hue, Vietnam: Author.

Villa, R., van Tac, L., Muc, P. M. (2003). Inclusion in Viet Nam: More than a decade of implementation. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 28 (7), 23-32.

USAID. (2005). Vietnam Disability Situation Assessment and Program Review, Washington, DC: Author.  

Zhang, F. & Zeng, F. (2000). A study of family education environment for handicapped chidlren. Psychological Science (China), 23 (5), 48-51.